To meet future demand in motor fuels, coal will play a key role in areas with large coal resources and lacking crude oils. Axens' direct coal liquefaction (DCL) process is available to produce ...
In recent years, the liquefaction potential of coals has been investigated to increase the yield of coal conversion processes and the quality of liquid fuels obtained from coal. However, the liquefaction process of coal and biomass materials known as coliquefaction has not been developed in Malaysia.
Coal. Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) are the two prominent processes for coaltomethanol conversion. DCL primarily involves thermal breaking of the polymeric coal structure at elevated temperatures with subsequent hydrogenation of the fragments to generate lighter molecules.
The environmental footprint of coal liquefaction processes can usually be reduced by coprocessing coal and biomass and applying CO 2 capture and storage (CCS) technology but at the cost of higher ...
CoaltoLiquids (CTL) is a technology based on the liquefaction of coal using three basic approaches; pyrolysis, direct coal liquefaction (DCL) and indirect coal liquefaction (ICL) [6] . Historical overview. CTL is an old technique, developed at the beginning of the 20 th century and has recently attracted attention once more.
Other thermochemical conversion technologies are under development for coprocessing biomass and fossil fuels. During the coliquefaction of coal with biomass, lower liquefaction temperature of coal and higher liquid products yield than those predicted by mathematic models are obtained as a result of the synergetic effect.
Characterization of Oxygenated Species in Coal Liquefaction Products: An Overview. ... Z. R. Ismagilov. The relationship between the molecular composition of coal and the conversion of its organic matter during thermal dissolution. Carbon Letters 2022, 32 (4 ... (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion. 2011 ...
oaltoliquids (TL) technology enables conversion of abundant coal into valuable liquid fuels such as gasoline, diesel, and jet fuel. Methods include indirect conversion (coal to syngas, which can be converted to liquid hydrocarbons) or direct conversion (by various direct coal liquefaction methods).
There are many liquefaction processes related to DCLS [26], [29], [31], [108], [109]. Several typical or highly referential liquefaction processes that have been reported are selected in this paper for introduction. As an illustration, a flow diagram of coal liquefaction process using syngas was proposed by Fu et al. [29], as shown in Fig. 14.
Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a promising technology to convert coal into oil, especially for countries where coals dominate fossil energy resources [1]. ... Coal utilization processes and their application to waste recycling and biomass conversion. Fuel (1994) Wang et al. ... were prepared by a solidstate insitu impregnation and ...
A previous paper has shown that direct coal liquefaction in the absence of a catalyst consists of two distinct stages which are readily ... A kinetic model for the liquefaction processes based on these observations is introduced. ... Direct liquefaction (DCL) processes and technology for coal and biomass conversion. 2011, 105154. https://doi ...
Headwaters direct coal liquefaction process. Source: Headwaters. Click to enlarge. Headwaters Inc and Axens are forming a strategic alliance to provide a singlesource solution for producing synthetic fuels by direct coal liquefaction (DCL) alone or in combination with refinery residues or biomass. The two companies will combine their technologies and...
In the DCL technology, coal is converted to liquid by adding hydrogen at high pressure and temperature. Various DCL technologies have been developed in last hundred years such as Solvent Refined Coal (SRC)I and SRCII, Exxon Donor Solvent (EDS), HCoal and catalytic twostage liquefaction (CTSL) [7], [8], [9], [10].
Since direct coal liquefaction (DCL) was invented, it has been a promising technology for the efficient utilization of coal resources and the mitigation of the oil crisis. ... on coal and biomass structure and examines the matching relationship between hydrothermal pretreatment and the thermal conversion process. The relationships between ...
Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
The decomposition process in coal liquefaction is consisting of pyrolysis, solvent extraction and liquefaction processes directly or indirectly [2] [3][4]. The pyrolysis reaction is a complex ...
Fingerprint Abstract This chapter focuses on liquefaction of solids, primarily coal and biomass sources such as lignin. In a twostep process the molecular structure is broken into fragments and hydrogenated, increasing the hydrogentocarbon ratio and preventing retrogressive reactions.
The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent ...
For the most highly developed processes, coal conversion can be as high as 90% on a mineral ash free basis, with a C 5+ distillate yield up to 75% and hydrogen consumption of 57%wt. When an external catalyst is used, it is typically some combination of cobalt, nickel, and molybdenum on a solid acid support such as silicaalumina [].DCL process concepts have been based on a variety of ...
The DCL process involves adding hydrogen (hydrogenation) to the coal, breaking down its organic structure into soluble products. The reaction is carried out at elevated temperature and pressure (, 750 to 850°F and 1,000 to 2,500 psia) in the presence of a solvent. The solvent is used to facilitate coal extraction and the addition of hydrogen.
1Solidhydrocarbonfuelprocessingandtechnology103 4 Directliquefaction (DCL)processes andtechnology forcoalandbiomass conversion105 C. BurgessCliffordandC.
With appropriate product upgrading, synthetic fuels produced from the DCL process can be directly used in the current motor engines. However, similar to other coal liquefaction processes, the DCL process has not been widely commercialized mainly because of economic uncertainty, high CO 2 emission, and high capital cost [1], [2].
The growing demand for petroleum, accompanied by the declining petroleum reserves and the concerns over energy security, has intensified the interest in direct coal liquefaction (DCL), particularly in countries such as China which is rich in coal resources, but short of petroleum. In addition to a general introduction on the mechanisms and processes of DCL, this paper overviews some recent ...
Direct coal liquefaction (DCL) is a suitable way of producing synthetic fuels from lowrank coals, especially when the wastederived materials are coprocessed during the process.
ICL includes two steps; in the first step, coal is converted into syngas ( Coal+H2OCO+H2), and during the last step, syngas is synthesized in the presence of a catalyst into liquid fuels.
The use of highcarbonbased feeds to produce alternative fuels and valueadded chemicals is discussed. Basic conversion chemistry, chemical structures of coal and lignin biomass are discussed, followed by process technologies for direct liquefaction, liquid quality, process control and modeling, advantages and limitations, and future trends.
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